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                <text>Sir William Macewan's teacher, Joseph Lister, came up with chromic suture, but it could not be well sterilized. But Macewen came up with a chromic catgut suture, which could be sterilized, and he himself prepared this before any operation. He wouldn’t let anyone else do it. &#13;
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.uab.edu/amhs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Alabama Museum of the Health Sciences&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Sir William Macewan (1848-1924) was among the earliest surgeons to attach otitis abscesses through the ear. He learned from his teacher, Joseph Lister, to discard those aesthetic handle instruments made of ivory, ebony, bone and tortoise because they could not withstand the high temperatures of sterilization. He designed his own tempered steel instruments. Prior to modern neurosurgery, he mastered the aseptic technique and achieved results with draining brain abscesses that compared favorable with those achieved with later antibiotic treatment. Early on, he diagnosed by localization neurological surgical lesions. Then he turned to the ear and identified the landmarks on the external surface of the temporal bone used by otologists today to enter the mastoid antrum, the so-called "Macewan's Triangle."&#13;
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Pyogenic infective diseases of the brain and spinal cord: meningitis, abscess of brain, infective sinus thrombosis&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Glasgow : James MacLehose and Sons</text>
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                <text>Brain Abscess&#13;
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://uab.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01AL_UALB/17puepm/alma991001106769703176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;UAB Libraries Catalog Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Given by Dr. Dr. Dennis G. Pappas, Sr.; belongs to the &lt;a href="https://library.uab.edu/locations/reynolds/collections/otolaryngology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dennis G. Pappas, Sr. Otolaryngology Collection&lt;/a&gt;, Reynolds-Finley Historical Library, UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham.</text>
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                <text>Dr. Pappas created this shadow box displaying and identifying the temporal bones and structures. A magnified portion of this box shows the mastoid cellular system.</text>
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                <text>In the evolution of the head mirror, it was Turck's idea to attach the mirror to a headband. This idea really took off and even became the symbol of otolaryngologists up until just recently.</text>
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                <text>In the resolution of the priority dispute, the French medical society eventually awarded Turck priority for the introduction of laryngoscopy, and Czermak priority for the introduction of illumination to laryngoscopy. Shown here is an example of a head lamp used for this purpose.</text>
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                <text>Shown here is an example of a tubular ear speculum of the sort introduced by Sir William Wilde. &lt;a href="http://codex.library.uab.edu/omeka/3d"&gt;Click here to view a 3D model of this instrument from the Alabama Museum of the Health Sciences.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>A Paris : Chez Estienne Michallet, ruë S. Jacques à l'image S. Paul</text>
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                <text>Given by Dr. Dr. Dennis G. Pappas, Sr.; belongs to the &lt;a href="https://library.uab.edu/locations/reynolds/collections/otolaryngology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dennis G. Pappas, Sr. Otolaryngology Collection&lt;/a&gt;, Reynolds-Finley Historical Library, UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham.</text>
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                <text>Valsalva's &lt;em&gt;De aure humana tractatus&lt;/em&gt; (Treatise of the human ear), was published in 1704, twenty-one years after Du Verney's &lt;em&gt;Traite de l'organ de l'ouie&lt;/em&gt; (1683), and thus was the second book published solely on the ear. But Valsalva included minute details of blood supply, nerves, muscles, membranes, physiology, and pathology for all anatomical sites of the ear. His book was also better suited for teaching purposes, and for this reason became more iconic. Of course, like Du Verney, Valsalva made errors: He introduced the "Valsalva maneuver" on the assumption that there was a natural anatomical opening in the tympanic membrane (notch of Rivinus) so that infectious debris could be expelled. This was a false premise and there is no such hole.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was Valsalva who named the Eustachian tube after Eustachius in respect for the description the latter had provided.</text>
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                <text>This slide of the ear anatomy shows structures relevant to the otological comparison of Vesalius and Eustachius, including the Eustachian tube, which Vesalius hardly mentioned but Eustachius described perfectly, resulting in the associated eponym. A magnified portion of the slide shows the tensor tympani, which Vesalius identified but did not recognize as a muscle. Eustachius accurately described it as such.</text>
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